Art of making type-bars.



F. H.'RIGHARDS. ART 0 MAKING TYPE BARS. urmouron FILED my 1o,'1 9oe.

Patented Apr. 20, 1909.

wi'nes s e s 75 M Inumibh 1H: NORRIS PETER: ca ymnmvcrmv 1L 6.

UNITED STATES PAZEEN Z1. QEFTQE.

FRANCIS H. RICHARDS, OF HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT.

ART OF MAKING TYPE-BARS.

To all whom it may concern:

.Be it known that I, FRAN ors H. RICHARDS, a citizen of the United States, residing at Hartford in the county of Hartford and State of Connecticut, have invented certain new and useful improvements in the Art of ll taking Type-Bars, of which the following is a specification.

This invention relates to the art of making type-bars, and especially to a method of making from a continuous solid blank or bar type-bars adapted for use in the typographic art for printing lines of characters.

The present improvement is the same as that set forth and claimed in my application Serial No. 7%,237, filed December 22, 1899 for the art of making typeloars which application was renewed on February 25, 1905, Serial No. 247,247, and allowed April 21, 1905, and of which application this is a refiling.

The present invention is in the nature of an improvement upon that shown, described, and claimed in the application of Darien 7V. Dodson, Serial No. 600,152, filed July 22, 1896, to which I have permission to refer. 1n the Dodson process the separate types are formed on the edge of a type-bar blank by first removing excess material from the edge of such blank to set off a solid type-blank, and then subjecting the face of the latter to the compressing action of a type-die to form a type. In this Dodson process the removal of the excess material is eifected usually by slottingthe edge of the type-bar blank at two separated points to set off between the slots a solid type-blank, and the die preferably operates upon the latter with a simple rolling movement in order to form the type.

The present process is also in the nature of an improvement upon those shown, described, and claimed in my companion applications Serial No. 740,673, filed Dec. 18, 1899, renewed March 6, 1900, Serial No. 305,129, re-filed March 1, 1907, Serial No. 359,982, and Serial No. 740,512, filed Dec. 10, 1899, in both of which are illustrated and described processes of making type-bars that are improvements upon the Dodson process. In my companion applications the separate types are not formed by first re- Specification of Letters Patent.

Application filed May 10, 1906.

Patented April 20, 1909.

Serial N0. 316,196.

moving excess material from the blank and then shaping a set-off type-blank by means of a die, but instead a die operates upon the edge of the blank in such a manner as to form the type and force out the excess material without interfering with adjacent, type-formative portions of the blank, and this excess material may be severed from the bar after the completion of the type to ming operation. Usually the types will be formed, in the processes described in my companion applications just mentioned, by subjecting the edge of each type-formative portion of a type-bar blank to repeated rolling operations in a direction transverse to the blank, for the purpose of forming each type gradually and shaping the same with the utmost precision.

When types are formed in the edge of a blank in either one of the Ways described in my said companion applications, it is necessary, in order that perfect types may result, to provide an adequate support for that portion of the material being operated upon and to assure the fiowa-ge of the material in the proper direction. When, however, types are formed on, or very near, the end of a blank it has been found that the material of the blank flows improperly and is forced down and out beyond the edge of the bar to such an extent as to prevent the formation of a perfect type or types at such point. This is principally due to the fact that the material is always compressed to a relatively great depth when the process of making the type is performedas described in my companion applications, and at the end of a typebar there is not enough resistant material to prevent the compressed portion of the stock from flowing in the direction of least resistance. For this reason when types are formed wholly or almost entirely by repeated rolling operations in a direction transverse to the bar, there is a very great displacement of materialdue chiefly to the rolling off of the excess material beyond the sides of the bar and the rolling operation .extends down below the edge ofthe bar to a great depth. Owing to this fact a considerable resistance must be opposed to the operation of each type-die, and that portion of the material which is being operated upon must be backed up by a considerable mass of the stock in order to prevent distortion of the types and to secure the best results.

it has been found after numerous practical experiments that type-bars formed from individual type-bar blanks always have one or more distorted types at each end thereof; and it hasbeendemonstra ed also that-,when types are formed on the edge of a continuous type-bar blank or strip, and the latter is severed to form individual type-bars after the terminal types at the connected ends of an adjacent, individual type-bars or typebar segments of a continuous type-bar have been formed, all of the types may be perfectly shaped and there will be no distortion thereof due to improper support of the material while any particular type is being formed. The reason for this, of course, is that, when types are formed on a continuous strip or ribbon and a. continuous type-bar or type-bar rod results from the operation, each individual portion of the edge of the continuous blank will be supported properly during the shaping thereof and there will be no material tlowage of the stock downward or toward either end of the blank, because the line of least resistance is transverse to the bar and hence the whole tendency of the displaced material will be to How ofl' toward both sides of such bar.

in o; part of thi.- application, figure l is a side elevation of a portion of a continuous type-bar or type-bar rod fo med in accordance with my improved process. F 2 is a similar view of a type-bar formed from an individual type-bar blank. F 3 is a side elevation of a portion of a continuous type-bar on a somewhat enlarged scale, with the displaced fins projecting therefrom. Fig. a: a side elevation, on a similar sea e, of one end of a type bar formed from an individual type-bar blank, and illustrates the distortion of the type that occurs in forming a type-bar from such an individual type-bar blank. Fig. 5 is a view similar to Fig. 3 with the fins removed. Fig. 6 is a view similar to Fig. at, also with the fins removed. Fig. T is a plan of a portion of a continuous type-bar, corresponding to Fig. 3. and showing cutters for removing t 1e fins. Fig. 8 is a p an of a. portion of the finished, continuous bar shown in Fig. 5. Fig. 9 is a plan of one end of a type-bar formed from an individual typebar blank and one sponds to Fig. 6. Fig. 10 is a side elevation of a die-whee and a blank-feeding wedge cciiperating with a continuous type-bar blank, the parts being shown on the same scale in Fig. 1 and 2; and Fig. 11 is a sectional end elevation of the same with the wed e omitted. and includes also an oscillatory blank-carrier.

.ie lrawings accompanying and forui- Similar characters designate like parts in all the figures of the d 'awi1 igs.

[he Dodson process of forming type-bars from co t metal results in the production of type-bars suitable for the purposes of typog- *aphy, yet it is desirable for many reasons to make types and type-bars of the highest quality in the simplest manner that is with the smallest possible number 0 toolsand in the present case, as in my cum )anion applications hereinbefore referred to, one of the principal objects is to attain these result. and thus permit the manufz etnre, in the most economical manner, of type-bars that will withstand the most rigid tests of commercial use. In order to obtain these results it has been found znlvantageous, although of course it not absolutely necessary, to form e: ch type by means of a single tool or die cooperating with a proper blank, and to so operate one or both of these men hers relatively to the other or to each other as to compact and condense most perfectly the material of the type proper before the completion of the. same. The many experiments that were made to determine the best method of forming types and type-bars from blanks demonstrated that it was desirable to condense the metal of the finished type as much as possible both at the face of the type and near the base thereof, and it was also found that the dies filled more perf ctly and the types were of maxiunun strength when the material was subjected to repeated rollings and each type gradually formed by a series of operations which were :arried farther and farther into the bodv of the blank. v

Two principal movements are utilized ordiu rily in forming the separate types eithea continuous blank or a 1 individua type-bar blanln one of them being usually a reciprocatory movement in a curvilinear path and the other a feed movement. Either or both of these movements may be varied dining the operation, and the manner in wl. ch the type is formed will of course i: ry (a spondingly. Each type will be formed gradually by repeated reductions and shapings of the type-formative material. a 1d the operation will extend farther and fart ier into the stock and more and more metal will be "orced out sidewise until the type is completed. Hence the area of disturltaance extends far below the base of each finished type and the metal both above and be ow the base thereof is forced out beyond the sides of the blank and must afterward be separated from the otherwise finished typebar. "hen types are formed in this way at or no: r the center of the edge of a solid, individual type-bar blank, although the area of disturbance extends down into the metal to a great. depth and far below the base of the finished type, the great mass of material at 'both ends of and below the particular type-blank segment being operated upon, opposes such a resistance to displacement of material in those directions that there is practically no tlowage of metal endwise of the bar, and only so much depthwise of the bar as is due to the direct thrust or pressure of the die, nearly all of the tlowage being side 'ise of the bar. ience, as there is an adequate support at both ends of and below the type-blank segment, the type formed therefron'i will be properly shaped and will not be distorted in position by improper iiowage of the metal. But when a type formed at or near either end. of an individual type-bar blank, the type-blank segment upon which the die operates is properly supported in but one direction-that is, at the end thereof which faces the mass of the stock-while at the other end of the blank there little or no material to resist the thrust of the die, and hence such segment, during the process of formation of the type therefrom, tends to force the adjacent metal both downward and outward endwise of the blank and causes it to flow in a manner different from the flowage that ensues when a type is being); made at a pointin the blank where it will be adequately supported at both ends thereof. As there is little or no resistance to oppose the downward and endwise thrust of the die and of the type-blank segment when the type is being formed at or near the end of an individual type-bar blank, the 'tlowage will, of course, follow the paths of slight resistance, and as the mass of the blank forms a solid abutment in one direction the material will have no tendency to flow toward the far end of the bar, but

will how out sidewise and also downward and outward toward the near end of the blank. This flowage downward and outward toward the near end of the blank is what distinguishes the operation of forming a perfect type from the making of an imperfect type, and such flowage invariably results in the malformation or displacement of the type being shaped, or both, and the result is that the type is usually tipped over toward the near end of the bar, is imperfectly finished, and is not properly spaced relatively to the next adjacent type. All of these results are due to the fact that there is no proper support for the segment being operated upon, either below the same or at that end thereof facing the near end of the bar, and substantially all of the material within the region of compression tends by reaction to flow away from the mass of the stock in various directions following the lines of slight resistance. The metal is not continerv equally at all points at that end of the bar, but instead is only confined at one side, and as the natural tendency of the particles to flow toward the area of least resistance asserts itself the result is a misshapen typebar at that end of the blank. I have found, however, that this disadvantage may be successfully overcome by making the types on the edge of a continuous ribbon or strip of metal and dividing otf each finished typebar after the last two or three types have been finished thereon and the first two or three on the next type-bar have also been completed. lVhen the type-bars are made in this way, in the form of a continuous type-bar or type-bar rod, which is after- "ard properly sev red, every t pe is adequately supported during the recess of forming the same, and there is 0 area of deficient support such as there is at he end of an individual type-bar blank that is separated from a strip or ribbon before tae making of all of the type thereon.

In forming either an individual type-bar or a continuous type-bar the separate types will usually be shaped by subjecting the type-formative segments of the blank to repeated rolling operations, and while handoperated tools may be employed for the purpose suitable mechanism will ordinarily be used. Moreover, while different tools may be employed for operatingupon each separate face of a type-block or type-blank, l have deemed it preferable to make use of a single tool or die, as when one of the two cooperating members is moved properly relatively to the other a single die is sufficient to subject the blank to all of the various operations that it undergoes before becoming a finished type. Any proper type-die may be employed, and this may be mounted in any desired manner, though I prefer to support one or more type-dies, such as (Z, on a carrier, such as D, which carrier may be secured to a shaft, such as 2, having a movement of rotation about its own axis and also a movement of revolution about another axis, (not shown), the resultant move ment of each die when its carrier is rotating and revolving being, of course, a cycloidal one, as indicated in Fig. 11.

The blank, which may be of any material suitable for the purpose, but will'usually be a type-metal of proper composition, is in its continuous form designated herein by Z) and in its individual form by b, This blank may be supported by a carrier, such as B, which in this case is mounted on a shaft. 3, the axis of which passes through the die when the latter is in position to form a type. The object of this is to assure the proper formation of the type, as the face of the latter will not be perfectly shaped unless the axis of the oscillatory member is adjacent to the face of the finished type. The manner in which the blank is held by its oscillating carrier is immaterial, but in the present case the latter has guide-grooves therein, one of which is shown at 4, for

receiving one end of the blank. This groove also serves as a means for guiding the blank when a. feed movement is imparted thereto, as is the case herein. Any suitable means may be employed for imparting this feed movement to the blank, but I prefer to make use of a wedge, such as 20, adapted to sup port the blank throughout the length thereof and coacting with an incline, such as '2', in order to raise the blank gradually.

it will of course be evident that either the blank-carrier or the die-carrier might be oscillated, and also that either of these members might be fed toward the other in order to permit the gradual formation of a type. it will also be seen that when the major portion of the work of forming a type is accomplis ed by oscillating and feeding the blank the type may or may not be partially formed by the movement of the die. in the present case, however, the parts are so disposed. 2nd their movements so timed relatively to nch other, that each type-die will partially shape its type when brought into working position, and this partial formation of a type will in each case be accomplished before any oscillation or feed increment of the blank takes place. 'lhereafter the blankcarrier will be oscillated and simultaneously the blank may be fed toward the die by the wedge 10, but usually the oscillation of the blank will cease before the feed movement thereof ends, in order that the die may be lill'w type properly finished.

and toe Any suitable form of die may be employed for shaping a type, but I prefer to make use of one having a blade or fin at one or both sides thereof. for the purpose of compressing and displacing a narrow strip of the stock at one or both sides of the point where a type is to be made, and thereby confining endwise of the blank the portion of the stock to be operated upon at any given time for the formation of a type. The type-dies shown herein have two each. one of them being designated by 3 and the other by 5, and as these blades are somewhat thin the notches made by them in the edge of the type-bar blank will be somewhat narrow, as will the strips of material forced. out thereby. These blades form :nincans for confining between them endwise of the bar the material within any given type-tield. but as there are no corresponding end walls on the die to check the tlowage during compression. the material will of course be free to How out crosswise of the bar. Even if the die had no side blades. however, this would be the natural tendency. owing to the rolling of the material in a direction transverse to the bar.

1 uring the ma king of a type a type-block or type-blank will be sheared out by the die and simultaneously while within the diespace will be shaped by the walls of such die-space, and at the same time the material outside of this suace will be rolled off sidewise of the blank by the lower edges of the blades 5 and 5' and by the bottom wall of the die. In other words the rolling operation is made up of several different actions, one of which is the sh .aring of the type-block or typc-blank from the mass of the type-bar blank; another being the rolling of the face of the type-block and of the surrounding metal; another the forging of opposite sides of the type block to compact and condense the metal, especially near the base of the type, and thereby strengthen the latter; while a fourth is the swaging of the face of the type into shape. it will be seen therefore that in forming the types in this way a large amount of surplus material. ias to be gotten rid of by rolling it offsidewise of the bar, and not only is the whole of the type-block subjected to sl aping operations, but also all of the surrounding material within the typefield between the die-blades for a considerable distance depthwise of the bar. Owing to this fact it is especially important that a considerable mass of material surround the ends and under side of the particular segment aeing con'ipressed, as otherwise such segment will not be properly backed up, and the tendency of the particles thereof to flow in all directions will not be adequately resisted.

After any one type has been formed 011 the type-bar blank another maybe shaped in substantially the same 'ay, and so on throughout the length of the blank, but in every case the blade or fin 5 should be so located as to lie close to the side of the next, adjacent, finished type in order that the types when finished may be sufliciently close to one another.

Referring now particularly to Figs. 3 and f and t designate finished types 'operly respectively, of a conformed on the edges, tinuous blank and of an individual typebar blank. These types are in every respect substautially identical in construction and are properly supported both during and after their forn'iation. The types 25, however, are improperly shaped, or spaced, or both, owing to the fact that the support for such types during the shaping thereof was delicient at the near end of the bar. This deficiency is, of course, most marked at the extreme, near end of the type-bar blank, but extei'ids far enough from such end ordinarily to etli'ect the formation of from two to four types at the end of the bar, according to the size of the types, the spacing thereof, and the character of the material composing the blank. At the point 10, for example, the tendency of the material to follow a line of slight resistance and flow toward the near end of the bar is resisted by a considerable body of material at the left-hand end of the bar, and hence the distortion of a type is less marked than it is at points! nearer such end. At the points 10 and 10 1 the flowage is much greater than at the l point 10 and increases progressively from said point 10 to the left-hand end of the blank, where there is practically no resistance opposed to the fiowage in the direction of the horizontal arrow, although, of course, there is some slight resistance to flowage in the direction of the vertical arrow, shown in Figs. 4. and 6. Indeed the tendency of the material to flow horizontally is so marked at the extreme end of the bar that the fiowage results in the formation of a large and welldefined overhanging mass 10 of displaced material that would necessarily have to be removed before a type-bar made in this way could be used commercially. But this is not the only disadvantage resulting from the formation of types in this manner, as the nearer the action approaches the extreme end of the type-bar blank the less is the support afforded to the type-block or type-blank in a direction depthwise of the bar during compression. The result of this is that as the metal below the segment being compressed tends to fall away rapidly before the approaching die without opposing any material resistance thereto, the die will usually be imperfectly filled and the typeblock within the die-space will not be subjected to as thorough a shaping action as when such segment is properly supported. Hence as we approach the extreme end of the type-bar blank the types will not only be more and more imperfectly formed, but the metal will be less and less condensed and compacted, and in consequence thereof the types will be less dense and less able to withstand the wear and tear of actual use.

Another serious drawback in forming types at the end of an individual type-bar blank is that unless the blank is held very firmly in place the force of compression tends by reaction to shift the blank bodily to the right, as seen in Figs. 4 and 6, during the type-making operation. \Vhen it is considered that the material of which the blank is composed is quite dense and hard, and that considerable pressure is required to set the particles thereof in motion and shape a type, it will be understood that this reactive force which results in the flowage of the metal downward and outward toward the near end of the bar is a very important fac tor; and unless the type-bar blank is gripped very firmly the inevitable result is a shifting of the bar toward the right, as seen in Figs. 4t and 6, and the consequent tipping of the types and the improper lengthening of the spaces between the same.

hen types are formed on a continuous blank, or at a proper distance from the ends of an individual type-bar blank, no difficulty is experienced in maintaining the proper spacing of the types, because the resistance of the mass of material at opposite ends of the segment being operated upon is balanced, and there is no preponderating reactive force to effect a change in the position of the bar. This force tending to move the bar endwise toward the right, as seen in Figs. l and 6, is not very great during the formation of, say, the third and fourth types from the end of the bar, but during the shaping of the last type it is very great, and it is extremely diflicult to prevent slipping of a bar that is held only at the sides thereof, as will usually be the case when the blank is to be fed endwise after the formation of each type. The difference in the lengths of the spaces between the types at the end of an individual type-bar blank is clearly indicated at 11, 11", and 11 in Figs. l and 6. In forming types from a continuous strip or ribbon it will be evident that no such drawbacks as these will be encountered in shaping the individual types. By referring to Figs. 3 and 5 it will be seen that the types 25 are properly formed, that there is no flowage of material endwise of the bar, and that, as the longitudinal positions of the types are not changed, the spaces between the types are those which it is intended to allot to them. I

In order to form completely the several type-bars contained in a continuous type-bar or type-bar rod, the edge of the continuous blank should be lowered between the ends of adjacent type-bar segments of the continuous type-bar so as not to interfere with the printing when the type-bars are in use. The face of the blank at this point may be either cut away, lowered by compression, or otherwise brought to the proper level. A convenient means for effecting the lowering of the face of the blank at this point is shown herein at d, which illustrates a spacedie on the die-carrier D. This space-die in the present case has no side blades or fins such as the typedies d, and is essentially a simple metal-rolling surface, which operates to roll olf metal sidewise of the bar in substantially the same way as the typedies, but preferably to a much greater depth. In this case the die (1 is intended to roll the edge of the continuous blank until the face 12 is substantially in the plane of the bases of the types i I also deem it desirable to indicate in some suitable manner the division point or line between connected segments of the type-bar rod. This may be accomplished in many ways, but in the present case the space-die d has projecting therefrom a substantially Vshaped rib 13, which forms a notch or nick in the upper edge of the face 12, and thus indicates the point at which the type-bar rod should be severed between con nected type bar segments thereof. This nick is designated herein by 13, and the dotted line 13 forming a continuation thereot' indicates on the side face of the bar the line of division between two finished, connected type-bars.

The spaces between groups of letters or words may be formed in any suitable way, usually by a space-die substantially similar to that shown at (Z, although of course other means may be employed to accomplish the same purpose.

The fins j" and f, which are rolled otl from the sides of the bar by the bottom wall of the die and by the edges of the blades and 5, respectively, and the tin f rolled ofi" by the space-die, may be removed at any proper time and in any suitable manner, a pair of cutting tools, such as 0, being shown herein for the purpose, these preferably operating after a series of types has been formed. Either before or after the removal of these fins the continuous type-bar or typebar rod maybe severed into type-bar lengths along the nicks or lines 13 and 13 in any suitable manner, as, for example, by means of a saw or milling cutter s.

it should be understood, of course, that a type bar length may be severed from the type-bar rod at any proper time after the completion of such length, provided that the first few characters of the next succeeding type-bar length and the space between the types of the connected type-bats have been finished.

Having thus described my invention, I claim:

1. That improven'ient in the rt of manufacturing lines of type which consists in working the edges of a blank oi indefinite length into a succession ot types suitable for making typographic composition, and in severing lengths constituting lines of type from such blank after each length has been provided with its complement of type and types have also been made upon the adjacent portion of the blank.

2. That improvement in the art of manufacturing lines of type which consists in working the edge of a blank of indefinite length step by step into a succession of types suitable tor making typographic composition and in serving lengths constituting lines of type from such blank after each length has been provided with its con'iplement of type, and types have also been made upon the ad jacent portion of the blank.

That improvement in the art oi manufacturing lines of type which consists in working the edge of a blank of indefinite length into a succession of wrought types suitable for making typographic composition and in severing lengths constituting lines 0t type from such blank after each length has been provided with its comple ment of type, and types'have also been made upon adjacent portion of the blank.

t. That improvement in the art of manufacturing lines of type which consists in working the edge of a blank of indefinite length step by step into a succession of wrought types suitable for making typographic composition, and in severing lengths constituting lines of type from such blank after each length has been provided with its complement of type, and types have also been made upon the adjacent portion of the blank.

That improvement in the art of manutacturing lines of type which consists in subjecting the edge of a blank or indefinite length to a working treatment, applied first on one side then on the other of each type f fillitblt? portion of the blank to form a rcession of types suitable for making typographic composition. and in severing lengths constituting lines of type from such blank after each gth has been provided with its complenwnt of type and types have also been made upon the adjacent portion of the blank.

(3. That illlPl'Ox'tlllGlll in the art otmanut'acturing lines ot' type which consists in rolling the edge of a blank of indefinite length and thereby forming thereon a succession o'li types suitable for making typographic composition, and in severing lengths constituting lines of type from such blank at each length has been provided with its complement of type and types have also been ma dc upon the adjacent portion of the blank.

7. That improvement in the art of manw tacturiuo' lines of type which consists in making types along the edge of a continuous blank, and successively severing typeha r lengths from the blank after each length has been provided with its complement of types and the next type-bar to be severed trom the blank has also been provided with at l ast a portion of its complement of types.

e. That improvement in the art of making tvpc-bars. which consists in conngressing suc- ('tfifilr'fl portions of the edge of a continuous blank in contact with type-dies to form a rontimious type-bar or type-bar rod, and compres 1 edges of the continuous blank to a greater depth at the end of each individual type-bar to form a space-blank having its face below the faces of the types.

5). That improvement in the art of making tyne-bars. which consists in compressing succ e portions ot' the edge of a continuous blank in contact with type-dies to form a continuous type-bar or type-bar rod, and simultaneously compressing the edge of the continuous blank to a greater depth, and notching the same, at the end of each individual type-bar to form a space-blank hav the ing its face below the faces of the types and also having in its face a division mark between the adjacent individual type-bars.

10. That improvement in the art of making type-bars, which consists in rolling successive portions of the edge of a continuous blank transversely in contact with typedies to form a continuous type-bar or typebar rod, and rolling the edge of the continuous blank transversely to a greater depth at the end of each individual typebar to form a space-blank having its face below the faces of the types.

11. That improvement in the art of manutacturing lines of type which consists in compressing the edge of a blank and thereby forming thereon a succession of types suitable for making typographic composition and in s vering lengths constituting lines of type from such blank after each length has been provided with its complement of type, and types have also been made upon the next succeeding length to be formed.

12. That improvement in the art of manufacturing lines of type which consists in making types along the edge of a continuous blank and successively severing type-bar lengths from the blank after each length has been provided with its complement of types and the next type-bar to be severed from the blank has been provided with a portion only of its complement of types.

13. That improvement in the art of manufacturing lines of types which consists in making types along the edge of a continuous blank; in marking the blank during the progress of providing the blank with types at each point in succession at which a division of the blank should be made to sever a type-bar length therefrom; and in severing the blank at each point after types have been made at the rear of such point and in advance thereof.

ll. That improvement in the art of manufacturing lines of type which consists in working the edge of a continuous blank into wrought types and successively severing type-bar lengths from the blank after each length has been provided with its complement of types, and the next type-bar to be severed from the blank has also been provided with at least a portion of its complement of types 15. That improvement in the art of manufacturing lines of type which consists in working the edge of a continuous blank into wrought types and successively severing type-bar lengths from the blank after each length has been provided with its complement of types and the next type-bar to be severed from the blank has been provided with a portion only of its complement of types.

16. That improvement in the art of manufacturing lines of type which consists in working the edge of a continuous blank into wrought types; in. marking the blank during the progress 'of providing the blank with types at each point in succession at which a division of the blank should be made to sever a type-bar length therefrom; and in severing the blank at each such point after types have been made at the rear of such point and in advance thereof.

17. That improvement in the art of manufacturing lines of type which consists in making types along the edge of a continuous blank; in successively reducing the edge of the blank during the progress of providing the blank with'types, at the successive points at which a division of the blank should be made to sever a type-bar length therefrom; and in severing the blank at each such reduced portion after types on both sides of the reducing portion have been made.

18. That improvement in the art of manufacturing type bars which consists in working the edges of a blank of indefinite length into a succession of types suitable for making typographic composition, and in severing lengths constituting lines of type from such blank after such length has been provided with its complement of types and one or more types have also been made upon the adjacent portion of the blank.

19. That in'iprovement in the art of manufacturing type bars which consists in working the edge of a blank of indefinite length step by step into a succession of types suitable for making typographic composition and in severing lengths constituting lines of type from such blank after each length has been provided with its complement of type, and one or more types have also been made upon the adjacent portion of the blank.

20. That improvement in the art of manufacturing lines of type which consists in working the edge of a blank of indefinite length at each of a number of successive steps into a succession of types for typegraphic impressions, and in severing said finished blank into suitable lengths after each length has received its full complement of types, and one or more types have also been complemented upon the unsevered portion of the blank.

21. That improvement in the art of manufacturing lines of type which consists in working the edge of a blank of indefinte length step by step into a succession of types suitable for making typographic composition and in severing lengths constituting lines of type from such blank after each length has been provided with its complement of type, and types have also been made upon the adjacent portion of the blank.

22. That improvement in the art of making type-bars which consists in rolling the edge of a ribbon blank and thereby forming HlK'll riblxm blank into type-bar lengths after each length has been prm'ulecl wlth 1ts types and one or more types have also been made upon a subsequent length.

Si ned at FELLNCI S H. RICHARDS.

lVitnesses:

JOHN G. bmvunr, Final). J. Dunc.

es. 9&5 lvlu my street, Yew York, this 30th (lay of April, 1906. 

